Numismatic (Late Roman, Dark Ages, Early Byzantine), Medieval Studies, Late Antique and Byzantine Studies, and Ostrogoths
Byzantine Coins in Central Europe between the 5th and 10th Century
M. Woloszyn (ed.)
MORAVIA MAGNA. Seria Polona, vol. Ill
Krakow 2009, p. 37-46.
ZELJKO DEMO
INVICTISSIMVS AVTOR - AN UNUSUAL SERIES OF BADUILA (TOTILA):
A NEW EXAMPLE FROM CROATIA
In memoriam Zdenka Dukat (1941-2006)*
Abstract. INVICTISSIMVS AVTOR — an unusual series of Baduila (Totila): a new example
from Croatia. The coin in question was discovered several years ago in Solin (Roman Salona).
This is a quarter siliqua of the Ostrogothic King Baduila (Totila) with the reverse legend
Invictissimus avtor, yet another coin in this rare and unusual Ostrogothic series, and the only
example known to the present with the name of the emperor Justinian on the obverse. The
article only briefly discusses the scarce historical data and instead concentrates on the analysis
of the numismatic characteristics of the newly discovered coin, and also the series to which it
belongs. The background to the research involves an attempt to illuminate the historical reasons
and causes for the creation of the Invicstissimus series as well as the possibilities of establishing
its chronological position within the still poorly known monetary system of Totila.
Some three years ago, I was told by my colleague from the Archaeological Museum in Split that an
interesting Ostrogothic silver coin had been discovered. As the coin is in a private collection, I was kindly
offered the possibility of both viewing the coin and publishing it, if it was of any interest1. The coin in fact is
a quarter-siliqua of Baduila (otherwise known as Totila) with the legend INVICTISSIMVS AVTOR, the second
specimen with such a reverse legend, and the fourth example known to me from this rare and unusual
Ostrogothic monetary series. Further information about the context of the find, which is of great importance
for this subject, indicated that the coin had been discovered in Solin, Splitsko-Dalmatinska Zupanija at the
position called Grudine, in the section between Stjepan Radic Street and the site called "Pet mostova/Five
bridges", meaning this was on the territory and within the confines of the eastern section of Roman Salona
(Fig. I)2.
For the history of southern Croatia and its Dalmatian coast, finds of coins of Baduila from the period of
the lengthy Byzantine-Ostrogothic Wars are of great interest and represent a definite curiosity, as it is a
generally unquestionable fact that the province of Dalmatia as a whole or at least to a significant extent had
been lost by the Ostrogoths in the very first years of Justinian's Reconquest, i.e. in the war that was waged
in this area in 535-537 (Proc. BG, V:VII, 1-36; V:XVI,8-10,13-18; Sisic 1925, 173; for events in Dalmatia
during 535 and 536, s. Bury 1958, 169-170, 174-175; Wolfram 1988, 339; 1997, 227; Amory 2003, 168). After
that, Dalmatia was mentioned only occasionally in the historical sources, rarely as the subject of political or
* Zdenka Dukat, archaeologist and numismatist (Zagreb, 6 November 1941-9 November 2006). She worked throughout her life in the Archaeologi-
cal Museum in Zagreb, first as a curator (1967-1973), and subsequently as the head of the Numismatic Department (1973-2006). She was director
of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb from 1980 to 1984.
1 I am pleased to have the opportunity to thank my colleague M. Bonacic-Mandinic, head of the Numismatic Department of the Archaeological
Museum in Split, who informed me of the find and acquired the necessary data for me. I would also like to thank Mr. M. Matijevic, the owner of
the private collection where the coin is kept, for permission to publish the coin and present it to fellow numismatists.
2 The site of Pet mostova/Five bridges was known previously as the site of discovery of a bronze Ostrogothic coin (supra n. 6).
38
Zeljko Demo
Fig. 1. The map of Croatia with the position of Solin (Roman Salona), the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia.
military interest on the part of the Ostrogoths (549; Procop. BG, VII: XXXV, 24-27; Wolfram 1980, 440), and
much more frequently in the context of Byzantine presence in Salona, and military operations that were
prepared or launched from there in 544, 551, and 552 (Bury 1958, 234, 256, 261-262; Wolfram 1980, 443).
In such circumstances, the few examples of the silver and bronze coinage of Totila (Baduila) preserved
in the Archaeological Museum in Split - only two, from a site in Salona itself (Pet mostova/Five bridges;
Demo 1994, 104 No. 243, 122 [PL 15:243], 185, 193, 267) and in the hinterland of Salona (Cvrljevo-Vinovo;
Demo 1994, 103 No. 236, 121 [PL 15:236], 181 No. 7, 192) - seem more like proof of trade and other contacts
between the eastern and western Adriatic coasts during the Byzantine-Ostrogothic Wars than some kind
of convincing archaeological confirmation of Ostrogothic presence in nearby Liburnia, i.e. the western part
of Roman Dalmatia, where according to certain Croatian interpretations, Ostrogothic rule would have
continued until the death of Baduila in 5523.
Much more important, however, is the numismatic value of the newly discovered fairly well preserved
quarter-siliqua of Baduila (Fig. 2:1.1). This is a coin that even at first glance can be determined to have been
minted at Ticinum, in the first half of Baduila's reign, since the obverse bears a legend with the name of the
emperor Justinian, and the usual DN for Dominus noster at the beginning and the less usual AC for Augustus
(?) at the end of the obverse legend. The emperor's name is written in the shortened form Iustiniany in the
legend split into two: DN IVSTI in the first half written inwards and NIAN AC in the second half written
outwards. The bust of the emperor on the obverse is as usual (draped, cuirassed) and without any novelties.
3 For arguments supporting this claim, see Antoljak 1971, 141-146; 1973, 213-220; Medini 1980, 398-434; Muzic 1997, 142-145.
INVICTISSIMVS AVTOR - an unusual series of Baduila (Totila): a new example from Croatia 39
GROUP I — reverse inscription in five lines: IN/VICT/ISSIM/VSAV/TOR
A) In the name of Iustinian: DNIVSTI + NIVNVC (second half outwards); 546
1.1 Private collection (Solin, Croatia)
B) In the name of Anastasius: DNANA — hhTAIIVI (sideways I for S, I for S); ca. 550
2.1 Demo 1994, No. 239
GROUP II — obverse inscription: INVICTI + SIMVAV
A) The name of Totila (Baduila) in four lines: DN/BADV/ILA/RIX; 547
3.1 Hess 1922, No. 191
B) The name of Totila (Baduila) in four lines: DN/BADV/VILA/RIX; 547
3.2 Leu 2000, No. 792
Fig. 2. Groups and types of 1/* siliquae of Totila with the inscription Invictissimus (scale 3:1 and 1:1).
40
Zeljko Demo
but an essential and typologically important element is the diadem on the head of the emperor, with an
emphasized equilateral cross on the top, such as can be found, sometimes more and sometimes less
emphasized, on other quarter-siliquae of Baduila minted in Ticinum (Fig. 3:2.2; ct Lanz 123/2005, No.
1140; CNI XV/1934, 19 Tav 11:9 = Metlich 2004, No. 67b.).
In contrast to the obverse, the reverse is more poorly minted (restamped)4, but it is nonetheless
sufficiently clear that the five line legend can be recognized of IN/VICT/ISSIM/VSAV/TOR, at present
unique among Ostrogothic reverse legends, but known previously thanks to a very well preserved specimen
in the Archaeological Museum in Split (Demo 1981, 458), published almost fifteen years ago (Demo 1994,
104 No. 238, 153-154). Strangely enough, the reverse legends of these two coins, although identical in
content, are neither the product of the same die nor are they chronologically contemporaneous, given that
the newly discovered example from Salona has a legend with the name of the emperor Justinian, while the
earlier known example has a legend with the name of the emperor Anastasius, meaning that the former was
minted before 547 and the latter after that year (Fig. 2:2.1).
1.1 Obv. DNIVSTI + NIVNVC (second half outwards) Bust to right, draped, cuirassed and diademed
Rev. DN/INVICT/ISSIM/VSAV/TOR in five lines, within wreath
7 0 .39 g 11 mm Private coll. (Solin)5 unpublished
2.1 Obv. DNANA ITAIIVI (I for S) Bust to right, draped, cuirassed and diademed
Rev. DN/INVICT/ISSIM/VSAV/TOR in five lines, within wreath
6 0.53 g 13/11.5 mm AMS 43496 Demo 1994, No. 239
In contrast to this, another group known for over two centuries consists of die-tied quarter-siliquae
of Baduila with the obverse legend INVICTI + SIMVAV, whose attribution to Baduila is unquestionable
since his name is engraved on the reverse in the usual Ostrogothic four line legend (DN/BADV/ILA/RIX).
A specimen from this group was noted and described as long ago as the end of the 18th century (Taninius
1791, 338 = Mionnet 1827, 416 = Friedlander 1844, 48 = Kraus 1928, No. 39), and afterwards this same
coin or some other identical example (re)appeared again in the 1920s (Fig. 2:3.1; ct Hess 1922, No. 191.).
Fifty years later this quarter-siliqua was joined by yet another with the same obverse legend (same die), but
with a somewhat expanded four line reverse legend DN/BADV/VILA/RIX (Fig. 2:3.2).
3.1 Obv. INVICTI + SIMVAV Bust to right, draped, cuirassed and diademed
Rev. DN/BADV/ILA/RIX in four lines, within wreath
6 0.72 g ca. 12.5 mm Verworn Coll. Hess 1922, No. 1917
3.2 Obv. INVICTI + SIMVAV Bust to right, draped, cuirassed and diademed
Rev. DN/BADV/VILA/RIX in four lines, within wreath
6 0.68 g ca. 11.5 mm Unknown Leu 77/2000, No. 7928
Not much has been written about the meaning of the legend Invictissimvs avtor, whether in full or
abbreviated form (Friedlander 1844, 48; Kraus 1928, 200), but it was nonetheless noted that this in fact
refers to King Theodoric, the creator of the Ostrogothic state in Italy, and that the epithet invictissimus in
the political and religious circles of Ostrogothic Italy at the end of the 5th and in the early 6th centuries either
replaces Theodoric's name (invictissime) or is used as an addition to the ruler's titles (invictissimi domini or
invictissimi principi), or it can explicitly supplement and characterize the royal name (ad regem invictissimum
Theodoricum; cf. Demo 1981, 458, 467 n. 49; 1994, 154 n. 101; Amory 2003, 455). There were several
occasions for recalling Theodoric's renown, authority, and one of his epithets during the reign of Baduila9,
but the importance of the military operations, the personal effort involved, and the political expectations
4 Either the die was moved or it was struck twice.
5 In the recent period, the archaeological-numismatic collection of M. Matijevic from Solin has been mentioned several times in archaeological
literature; for certain items, s. Bonacic-Mandinic 1998, 113-116; 2001, 17-20; Marsic, Matijevic 2000.
6 AMS (= Archaeological Museum in Split). The insignia A-544, written by hand on the obverse of the coin, is a mark denoting an old acquisition of
the Archaeological Museum in Split that occurred in the 19th century, most probably while the director was M. Glavinic (1873-1883). As the old
inventory book from this period has disappeared without a trace (in WWII), at present it is not possible to establish the circumstances of
discovery of the coin or how it arrived in the museum.
7 = Kraus 1928, No. 40 = Hess-Leu 45/1970, No. 740 = MIB I, 622 = Sternberg XI/1981, No. 1026 = Metlich 2004, No. 69.
8 = Kunst u. Miinzen 10/1973, No. 187.
9 Baduila's interest and desire to conquer Rome was exhibited the first time as early as 544 during his address to the Senate, when he called for the
restoration of the earlier regime of Theodoric and Amalasunta, Proc. BG, VILix, 7-18; Bury 1958, 233.
INVICTISSIMVS AVTOR - an unusual series of Baduila (Totila): a new example from Croatia 41
TICINUM: 1/4 siliquae in the name of Justinian, 541-546
1.1 Reverse: monogram of Theodoric — Obverse: DNIV8T * INIVNVC (second half outwards)
Werner 1935, No. 102
2.1 Reverse: monogram of Totila (Baduila) — Obverse: DNIV2T — INIVNVC (second half outwards)
Orlandini 1985
2.2 Reverse: monogram of Totila (Baduila) — Obverse: DNIVSTI + IVSTTIII (for NIANVSPFAVC)
Lanz 123/2005, No. 1140
3.1 Reverse: the name of Totila (Baduila) in four lines — Obverse: DNIVSTI + IVSTTIII (for NIANVSPFAVC)
NAC 95/1995, No. 744
3.2 Reverse: the name of Totila (Baduila) in four lines — Obverse: DNIV2T + INIVNVC (second half outwards)
Helbing 57/1929, Nr. 4402
Fig. 3. The l/i siliquae of Totila minted in Ticinum in the period from 541-546 AD (scale 3:1 and 1:1).
42
Zeljko Demo
certainly must have culminated during the period of the siege and first capture of Rome in 546, which is
closely related to Baduila's embassy to Justinian, with an offer of peace and remembrances of the more
fortunate times in which their predecessors ruled, the Emperor Anastasius and the King Theodoric (Proc.
BG, VII:xxi,23; Bury 1958, 235; cf. nos. Tab. 1).
Tab. 1. Ephitet invictissimus as used by Magnus Felix Ennodius bishop of Ticinum (Pavia), cf. Ennodius.
Magnus Felix Ennodius Opera
invictissime Pan. Theod 204,36
in victissimi domini Ep. Aur. 217,17
invictissimi principi V. Epiph. 100,6
ad regem invictisismum Theodoricum V. Epiph. 100,35
A new lustral period began in the autumn of 547, and remembrances of happier times for Italy in the
reign of Anastasius and Theodoric mutated from peace messages to Justinian to Baduila's ambitious military
project. In such circumstances, there was no alternative to retaining the name of Anastasius on the obverse
of the Ostrogothic gold and silver coinage. The quarter-siliquae minted in Ticinum from that moment to the
death of Baduila in the middle of 552 retained this new monetary formula (Tab. 2): in addition to the usual
Tab. 2. The minting of 1/* siliquae of Baduila in Ticinum during the 2nd half of his reign, i.e. 547-552.
Fig. 4 Obverse legend Lettering of S (on the obverse) 547-552
1 DNAN(A) - (A)STASIVS S-S-S 547
2 DNANA - STASIVS S -1 -1 (sideways S & I for S) 547/8-552
3 DNANA * STASIVS S -1 -1 (sideways S & I for S) »t
Fig, 2:2.1 DNANA - STASIVS I -1 -1 (sideways I for S & I for S) »«
4 DNANA - STASIVS I -1 -1 (I for S) >«
5 DNANAS - TASIVS I -1 -1 (I for S) »
portrait, variously divided two-part legends of Anastasius appeared on the obverse, in combination with
Baduila's name on the reverse in the usual four lines with RIX at the end (Fig. 4:2-5). In this minting period
changes in lettering became very important, particularly that of the letter S, which at the beginning of the
second minting period was always or predominantly of the usual form (S-S-S), while later the first S is side-
ways and the other two are engraved like the letter I (S-I-I). At the end of the same minting period all three S
were engraved like the letter I (I-I-I), making the obverse legend, accidentally or deliberately, less and less
comprehensible (Fig. 4:4-5).
This point marked the approach of the end of the first half of Baduila's reign (Tab. 3), during which the
quarter-siliquae were minted according to the models of his Ostrogothic predecessors, i.e. the obverse dis-
played a portrait and a legend with the name of the current Byzantine emperor Justinian, while the reverse
Tab. 3. The minting of 1/4 siliquae of Baduila in Ticinum during the 1st half of his reign, i.e. 541-546.
Fig. 3 Reverse Obverse 541-546
1 Monogram of Theodoric DNIVST * INIANAC (S & second half outwards) 541 (?)
2 Monogram of Baduila (Totila) 3 Monogram of Baduila (Totila) 4 The name of Baduila in four lines 5 The name of Baduila in four lines DN IVST - INIVNVC (S & second half outwards) DNIVSTI + IVSrnil (for NIANVSPFAVC) DNIVSTI + IVSmil (for NIANVSPFAVC) DNIVST + INIVNVC (S & second half outwards) 542-544 545-546
INVICTISSIMVS AVTOR — an unusual series of Baduila (Totila): a new example from Croatia 43
TICINUM: 1/4 siliquae in the name of Anastasius, 547-552
1 DNAN(A) — (S)TASIVS
CMXV/1934, No. 5
2 DNANA — wTAIIVI (sideways S & I for S) 3 DNANA * ^TAIIVI (sideways S & I for S)
BMC No. 20 (PI. XI: 10)
4 DNANA — ITAIIVI (I for S) 5 DNANAI — TAIIAI (I for S)
Lam 123/2005, No. 1139
in Ticinum in the period from 547-552 AD (scale 3:1 and 1:1).
11
Zeljko Demo
first bore Theodoric's monogram (Werner 1935, 121 No. 102 [Taf. 3:102] = Mettlich 2004, No. 64 [Witigis];
cf nos. Fig. 3:1.1), then Baduila's monogram (Orlandini 1975, 281; Lanz 123/2005, No. 1140; cf nos. Fig.
3:2.1-2), and finally his title and name written in four lines (NAC 95/1995, No. 744; MuM Liste 357/1974, No.
40; cf nos. Fig. 3:3.1). This more or less simple arrangement experienced change exactly in the period of the
Ostrogothic siege and conquest of Rome, when at the end of 546 and the beginning of 547 the four line
reverse legend DN/BADV/ILA/REX (Helbing 57/1929, No. 4402 = MIB I, No. 621 = Metlich 2004, No. 68; cf
nos. Fig. 3:3.2) was suddenly replaced by a new five line legend reading IN/VICT/ISSIM/VSAV/TOR, which is
confirmed by the use of the very similarly engraved or identical but redesigned obverse die with the bust and
legend of the emperor Justinian (Fig. 2:1.1). The occupation of Rome inspired Baduila to an even more bold
move at the beginning of 547, when he decided to replace Justinian's name on the obverse of the coin with
the legend Invictissimus avtor, written in a new and somewhat shortened two-part form INVICTI + SIMVAV,
tied by the common emission mark of all of these specimens - the equilateral Latin cross on the diadem of
the portrait depicted on the obverse (Fig. 2:3.1-2). Only a month of so later, in February 547 (Bury 1958, 244
n. 1) or in the early spring of the same year (Wolfram 1980, 439), when the news arrived from Constantinople
that Justinian had rejected Baduila's offer of peace, Justinian's name was removed (forever) from the Ostrogothic
coinage, where it was replaced by the name of the long dead Byzantine Emperor Anastasius (CNI XV/1934,
20 No. 5 [Tav. 11:15]; cf nos. Fig. 4:1).
These characteristics are also present on the unique quarter-siliqua of Baduila with the name of the
emperor Anastasius on the obverse and the five line legend IN/VICT/ISSIM/VSAV/TOR on the reverse (Fig.
2:2.1), which is also marked, like the obverse, by the use of a sideways S (the last of three S). The presence
of the two-part obverse legend in the form DNANA -, and the lettering I-I-I (for S-S-S) with a sideways I for
the first S at the beginning of the second half of the obverse legend confirm that this quarter-siliqua was the
product of Baduila's second minting period, and the date of its minting at the beginning of 550 on the occa-
sion of the second Ostrogothic capture of Rome (Bury 1958, 251 f.) - as I suggested almost fifteen years
ago10 - remains typologically well-founded and chronologically correct.
Bibliography
Abbreviations
Series
BMC W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, vol. I, Lon-
don 1908.
CNI XV Corpus Nummorum Italicorum, vol. XV, Roma parte 1° (dalla caduta delVimpero d'occiden-
te al 1572), Roma 1934
MIB I W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini. Rekonstruktion des Prageaufbaues auf synoptisch-
tabellarischer Grundlage, vol. 1, Von Anastasius. bis Justinianus I. (491-565), einschlieslich
der ostgotischen und vandalischen Pragungen, Denkschriften der Osterreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 109 (= Veroffentlichungen
der numismatichen Kommission 1), Wien 1973.
For the attribution of coins related to this event, see Demo 1994, 154. - Recently this coin was incorrectly classified without hesitation but also
without valid arguments among modern products, supposedly because of the style and finer execution of the letters as well as the wreath, s.
Metlich 2004, 70.
INVICTISSIMVS AVTOR - an unusual series of Baduila (Totila): a new example from Croatia 45
Auction catalogues
Kunst u. Munzen Kunst und Munzen AG, Lugano
Helbing Otto Helbing Nachf., Munchen
Hess Adolph Hess Nachf., Frankfurt am Main
Hirsch Jakob Hirsch, Munchen
Hess-Leu Hess-Leu AG, Luzern/Zurich
Lanz H. Lanz (auction), Munchen
Leu Leu Numismatik AG = LHS Numismatik, Zurich
MMKK Miinchener Munzhandlung Karl Kress AG, Munchen
MuM Liste Munzen und Medaillen AG (Liste), Basel
NAC Numismatica Ars Classica AG (Autumn sale), Zurich
Peus Busso Peus Nachf., Munchen
Sternberg Frank Sternberg AG, Zurich
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Ennodius Ennod. Magni Felicis Ennodi Opera (Epistulae Aureliani, Panegiricus Theoderici, Vita
Epiphani), ed. F. Vogel, Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Auctores Antiquissimi), 7,
Berolini (Berlin), 1885.
Proc. BG Procopius de Caesarea, De hello Gothico: History of the Wars, Books V-VI, 15, translated
by H.B. Dewing, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge-London 1992.
Studies
Amory P.
2003 People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy 489-554, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life
and Thought, 33, Cambridge.
Antoljak S.
1971 Zadar pod vlascu istocnih Gota, Zadarska revija, 20, 137-146.
1973 Zadar unter ostgotischer Herrschaft, Diadora, 6, 207-220.
Bonacic-Mandinic M.
1998 Parva Salonitana - nekoliko primjeraka novca 4.-6. stoljeca iz Salone (Parva Salonitana),
Numizmaticke vijesti, 40, 13-16.
2001 Nekoliko primjeraka bizantskog novca iz Salone, Numizmaticke vijesti, 43, 17-20.
Bury J. B.
1958
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nian, vol. II, New York.
Demo Z.
1981 Novae germanskih vladara druge pol. 5. do u drugu pol. 6. st. u numizmatickoj zbirci
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Friedlander J.
1844 Die Munzen der Ostgoten, Berlin.
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Medini J.
1980 Provincia Liburnia (Provincia Liburnia), Diadora, 9, 363-444.
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Zeljko Demo
Metlich M. A.
2004
Mionnet Th. E.
1827
Muzic I.
1997
Orlandini M.
1975
Sisic F.
1925
Taninius H.
1791
Werner J.
1935
Wolfram H.
1980
1988
1997
The Coinage of Ostrogothic Italy, London.
De la rarete et du prix des medailles romaine, 2nd ed., vol. II, Paris.
Slaveni, Goti i Hrvati na teritoriju rimske provincije Dalmacije, Djela iz Hrvatske duhovne
i kulturne bastine, 2, Zagreb5.
Una moneta inedita da Baduila rinvenuta in Valle d'Aosta, Quaderni Ticinesi di Numisma-
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Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara, Zagreb.
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Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie, Miinchen2.
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The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.
Adress of the Author:
Dr. Zeljko Demo
Arheoloski muzej u Zagrebu
Trg Nikole Subica Zrinskog 19
10000 Zagreb
HRVATSKA
e-mail: zeljko.demo@zg.htnet.hr
POLISH ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF RZESZOW
MORAVIA MAGNA
Seria Polona, vol. Ill
BYZANTINE COINS IN CENTRAL EUROPE
BETWEEN THE 5th AND 10th CENTURY
Proceedings from the conference organised by
Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and Institute of Archaeology University of Rzeszow
under the patronage of
Union Academique International (Programme No. 57 Moravia Magna)
Krakow, 23-26 IV 2007.
edited by
MARCIN WOLOSZYN
KRAKOW 2009